原文地址:http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2023/11/513024.shtm
編譯 | 李言
Nature, 23 November 2023, Volume 623 Issue 7988
《自然》, 2023年11月23日,第623卷,7988期
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天文學Astronomy
Aligned grains and scattered light found in gaps of planet-forming disk
在行星形成盤的間隙中發現對齊顆粒和散射光
▲ 作者:Ian W. Stephens, Zhe-Yu Daniel Lin et al.
▲ 鏈接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06648-7
▲ 摘要:
在此,我們展示了HL Tau在870μm的高分辨率深度極化觀測,解決了環和間隙中的極化現象。我們發現,間隙的偏振角與環相比具有顯著的方位角分量和更高的極化分數。我們的模型表明,圓盤極化是由排列的有效延長的對齊顆粒散射和輻射引起的。
這些對齊顆粒的本征極化率可能超過10%,遠高于低分辨率觀測的預期值(約1%)。在非偏振觀測中難以觀測到的不對稱性和塵埃特征在極化觀測中可以看到。
▲ Abstract:
Here we show deep, high-resolution polarization observations of HL Tau at 870??μm, resolving polarization in both the rings and the gaps. We find that the gaps have polarization angles with a notable azimuthal component and a higher polarization fraction than the rings. Our models show that the disk polarization is due to both scattering and emission from the aligned effectively prolate grains. The intrinsic polarization of aligned dust grains is probably more than 10%, which is much higher than that expected in low-resolution observations (about 1%). Asymmetries and dust features that are not seen in non-polarimetric observations are seen in the polarization observations.
Methane throughout the atmosphere of the warm exoplanet WASP-80b
溫暖的系外行星WASP-80b的大氣中都是甲烷
▲ 作者:Taylor J. Bell, Luis Welbanks et al.
▲ 鏈接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06687-0
▲ 摘要:
在此,我們報告了JWST的NIRCam成像儀對825 K的溫暖木星WASP-80b的觀測結果。我們觀察到透射和發射光譜跨度為2.4–4.0μm,強有力地證明了甲烷的存在,且顯著性大于6σ。
從兩種觀測幾何形狀中得到的甲烷豐度彼此一致,與太陽到亞太陽的碳氫比一致,約為太陽金屬豐度的5倍,與理論預測一致。
▲ Abstract:
Here we report transmission and emission spectra spanning 2.4–4.0 μm of the 825 K warm Jupiter WASP-80b taken with the NIRCam instrument of the JWST, both of which show strong evidence of CH4 at greater than 6σ significance. The derived CH4 abundances from both viewing geometries are consistent with each other and with solar to sub-solar C/O and around five times solar metallicity, which is consistent with theoretical predictions.
物理學Physics
Continuous symmetry breaking in a trapped-ion spin chain
陷俘離子自旋鏈中的連續對稱破缺
▲ 作者:Lei Feng, Or Katz et al.
▲ 鏈接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06656-7
▲ 摘要:
在此,我們使用一維陷俘離子量子模擬器制備了具有長程自旋序的狀態,該狀態擴展到23個自旋的系統,并且展示物質連續對稱破缺相的特征。我們的準備工作包括同時控制一組緊密聚焦的單個尋址激光束,用于產生遠距離自旋—自旋相互作用。
我們還觀察到一個具有阻挫關聯性的無序相。我們進一步研究了在不同相互作用范圍內相的存在,以及對稱破缺擾動下的非平衡響應。這項研究為研究低維系統中的新量子相和非平衡動力學開辟了新途徑。
▲ Abstract:
Here we use a one-dimensional trapped-ion quantum simulator to prepare states with long-range spin order that extends over the system size of up to 23 spins and is characteristic of the continuous symmetry-breaking phase of matter. Our preparation relies on simultaneous control over an array of tightly focused individual addressing laser beams, generating long-range spin–spin interactions. We also observe a disordered phase with frustrated correlations. We further study the phases at different ranges of interaction and the out-of-equilibrium response to symmetry-breaking perturbations. This work opens an avenue to study new quantum phases and out-of-equilibrium dynamics in low-dimensional systems.
Hopfion rings in a cubic chiral magnet
在一個立方手性磁體中的霍普夫子環
▲ 作者:Fengshan Zheng, Nikolai S. Kiselev et al.
▲ 鏈接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06658-5
▲ 摘要:
在此,我們對晶體中霍普夫子進行了直接觀察。在我們的實驗中,我們使用透射電子顯微鏡觀察了B20型FeGe板中霍普夫子與斯格明子弦形成耦合態的過程。我們提供了一個霍普夫子成核的協議,并采用洛倫茲成像和電子全息技術進行驗證。
我們的結果具有很高的可重復性,與微磁模擬完全一致。我們還提供了一個統一的斯格明子-霍普夫子同倫分類方法,為對理解三維手性磁體中拓撲孤子多樣性提供了見解。
▲ Abstract:
Here we present direct observations of hopfions in crystals. In our experiment, we use transmission electron microscopy to observe hopfions forming coupled states with skyrmion strings in B20-type FeGe plates. We provide a protocol for nucleating such hopfion rings, which we verify using Lorentz imaging and electron holography. Our results are highly reproducible and in full agreement with micromagnetic simulations. We provide a unified skyrmion–hopfion homotopy classification and offer insight into the diversity of topological solitons in three-dimensional chiral magnets.
化學Chemistry
Complex molecule synthesis by electrocatalytic decarboxylative cross-coupling
電催化脫羧偶聯合成復雜分子
▲ 作者:Benxiang Zhang, Jiayan He et al.
▲ 鏈接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06677-2
▲ 摘要:
在此,我們報道了一種基于自由基的Ni/Ag電催化取代羧酸的交叉偶聯反應,從而實現了用一種直觀和模塊化的方法來構建復雜的分子結構。這種新方法依賴于一種關鍵的銀添加劑,這種添加劑可以在原位形成活性銀納米顆粒涂層的電極表面,以及精心選擇的調節鎳反應活性的配體。
通過合理選擇條件和配體,交叉偶聯可以具有高度的非對映選擇性。為了證明這些反應的簡化能力,我們實現了14種天然產物和兩種藥物相關分子的簡潔合成。
▲ Abstract:
Here we report a radical-based Ni/Ag-electrocatalytic cross-coupling of substituted carboxylic acids, thereby enabling an intuitive and modular approach to accessing complex molecular architectures. This new method relies on a key silver additive that forms an active Ag nanoparticle-coated electrode surface in situ along with carefully chosen ligands that modulate the reactivity of Ni. Through judicious choice of conditions and ligands, the cross-couplings can be rendered highly diastereoselective. To demonstrate the simplifying power of these reactions, concise syntheses of 14 natural products and two medicinally relevant molecules were completed.
生物學Biology
Preserved neural dynamics across animals performing similar behaviour
表現相似行為的動物之間保持的神經動力學
▲ 作者:Mostafa Safaie, Joanna C. Chang et al.
▲ 鏈接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06714-0
▲ 摘要:
我們認為物種內共享的神經回路水平約束將導致個體間適當保留潛在動力學。我們分析了來自猴子和老鼠運動皮層的神經群記錄,以證明來自同一物種的個體在表現相似行為時,其神經動力學驚人地保留了下來。
當動物有意識地計劃未來的運動而不表現出明顯的行為,并能夠解碼不同個體之間計劃和正在進行的運動時,神經種群動力學也得以保留。
此外,我們發現保存的神經動力學從皮質區域延伸到背紋狀體,這是一個演化上更古老的結構。最后,我們使用神經網絡模型來證明行為相似性對于這種保存是必要的,但不是充分的。我們假設這些涌現的動態源于大腦發育的演化約束,因此反映了行為的神經基礎的基本特性。
▲ Abstract:
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