BioactivePeptideInducedSignalingPathway
Many different peptides act as signaling molecules, including the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, the protease enzyme thrombin, and the blood pressure regulating peptide angiotensin. While these three proteins are distinct in their sequence and physiology, and act through different cell surface receptors, they share in a common class of cell surface receptors called G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Other poly......閱讀全文
Bioactive－Peptide－Induced－Signaling－Pathway
Many different peptides act as signaling molecules, including the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, the protease enzyme thrombin, and the blood pres
Lectin－Induced－Complement－Pathway
The complement cascade of proteolytic factors involved in cellular lysis can be initiated by several different factors, including antibody-dependent a
WNT－Signaling－Pathway
Wnt family members are secreted glycoproteins who bind to cell surface receptors such as Frizzled. Wnt members can play a role in the expression of ma
PDGF－Signaling－Pathway
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation and development. The biologically active form is a dimer formed
mTOR－Signaling－Pathway
mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) appears to play a central role in signaling caused by nutrients and mitogens such as growth factors to regulate t
EPO－Signaling－Pathway
Erythropoietin functions to increase the number of red blood cells. Thus, it has found utility as a drug for those needing to replenish erythrocytes f
AKT－Signaling－Pathway
Many cell-surface receptors induce production of second messengers like PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, that convey signals to the cyt
MAPKinase－Signaling－Pathway
The ever evolving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways consist of four major groupings and numerous related proteins which constitut
BCR－Signaling－Pathway
Significant progress has been made towards delineation of the intrinsic molecular processes that regulate B lymphocyte immune function. Recent observa
TPO－Signaling－Pathway
Thrombopoietin (TPO) binds to its receptor inducing aggregation and activation. TPO signals its growth regulating effects to the cell through several
ATM－Signaling－Pathway
The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM) encodes a protein kinase that acts as a tumor suppressor. ATM activation by ionizing radiation damage to
Reelin－Signaling－Pathway
Reelin is an extracellular protein secreted by neurons. Reeler mice with a defective Reelin gene exhibit neuronal abnormalities in development. Mice t
Insulin－Signaling－Pathway
The appropriate signaling through the insulin pathway is critical for the regulation of glucose levels and the avoidance of diabetes. Insulin forms a
Ceramide－Signaling－Pathway
Over 1,000 papers and reviews have been written about the role of ceramide in the production of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Ceramide is a sphi
EGF－Signaling－Pathway
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide induces cellular proliferation through the EGF receptor, which has a tyrosine kinase cytoplasmic domain, a s
Integrin－Signaling－Pathway
Integrins are cell surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix and mediate intracellular signals in response to the extracellular ma
Ras－Signaling－Pathway
Ras activates many signaling cascades. Here we illustrate some of the well-characterized cascades in a generic compilation of effector molecules. The
IL－2－signaling－pathway
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent cytokine that can lead to cellular activation and proliferation. IL-2 Receptors are found on activated B-Cells, LPS t
IFN－gamma－signaling－pathway
Interferon gamma is secreted from CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8 cells, gamma/delta T cells and activated NK cells. It plays a role in activating lymphocytes to
IFN－alpha－signaling－pathway
Interferon alpha plays a role in viral infections. Signaling takes place through an IFN Recpetor complex consisting of two alpha chains (Type I recept
Growth－Hormone－Signaling－Pathway
Growth hormone plays a major role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence and also regulates metabolism. Defects in growth hormone signa
Trka－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that stimulates neuronal survival and growth through TrkA, a member of the trk family of tyrosine k
TGF－beta－signaling－pathway
TGF-beta regulates growth and proliferation of cells, blocking growth of many cell types. The TGF-beta receptor includes type 1 and type 2 subunits th
IL－3－signaling－pathway
Interleukin-3 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells through binding to its receptor. The receptor for IL-3 is a hetero
Nitric－Oxide－Signaling－Pathway
Glutamatergic-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production occurs via the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)-neuronal ni
IL－4－signaling－pathway
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a cytokine that can lead to development of Th2 cells. The 140 kD IL-4 Receptor (CD124) is found on many cell types, even those
IL－6－signaling－pathway
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that provokes a broad range of cellular and physiological responses. In addition to playing a role in inflammation
IL－17－Signaling－Pathway
Inflammation is a complex response involving many different cells and signaling molecules, including the secretion of the cytokine IL-17 by activated
Phospholipase－C－Signaling－Pathway
Phospholipase C comes in multiple forms and plays a key role in the signal transduction process for many receptors. Its main function is to hydrolyze
IL－5－Signaling－Pathway
IL-5 is an inflammatory signaling molecule that primarily stimulates eosinophil proliferation, maturation and activation. Eosinophils are leukocytes i